第一步：环境搭建
1.python2 或 python3
2.用pip安装下载scrapy框架
具体就自行百度了，主要内容不是在这。
第二步：创建scrapy（简单介绍）
1.Creating a project（创建项目）
scrapy startproject 项目名称
2.Defining our item（定义我们的项目）
3.writing a spider（写spider）
scrapy genspider (spider的名称）（爬取的网页）
4.writing & Configure an item Pipeline（编写和配置项目管道）
5.Execute crawl（执行爬虫）
scrapy crawl (spider的名称）
第三步：具体实现
1.创建项目
进入scrapy项目的工作区间(xici项目名)
scrapy startproject xici
此时项目结构是这样
2.创建spider爬虫
进入项目创建(注意后面的不是具体地址，是域名)
scrapy genspider xicidaili 'xicidaili.com'
此时，你会发现在spiders文件夹下多了个 xicidaili.py 文件（这就是爬虫文件）
3.编写items.py
根据我们的需求编写
代理ip最主要是ip、端口和类型（http或https）
items.py
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-# Define here the models for your scraped items## See documentation in:# https://doc.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/items.htmlimport scrapyclass XiciItem(scrapy.Item): # define the fields for your item here like: # name = scrapy.Field() ip = scrapy.Field() port = scrapy.Field() types = scrapy.Field()
4.编写xicidaili.py
具体爬虫操作就在这个文件里实现
xicidaili.py
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-import scrapyfrom xici.items import XiciItemclass XicidailiSpider(scrapy.Spider): name = 'xicidaili' allowed_domains = ['xicidaili.com'] #把http://xicidaili.com/地址改为我们需要爬去的具体地址 start_urls = ['https://www.xicidaili.com/nn/'] def parse(self, response): #我们发现ip都是在table标签里，那我们就用xpath选择table元素 lis = response.xpath('//table[@id="ip_list"]') #抓取table下的tr,一个tr就一个ip，端口，类型 trs = lis[0].xpath('tr') items = [] #除掉第一行 for ip in trs[1:]: item = XiciItem() #抓取每一行具体的内容 # //*[@id="ip_list"]/tbody/tr[2]/td[2] item["ip"] = ip.xpath('td[2]/text()')[0].extract() # //*[@id="ip_list"]/tbody/tr[2]/td[3] item["port"] = ip.xpath('td[3]/text()')[0].extract() # //*[@id="ip_list"]/tbody/tr[2]/td[6] item["types"] = ip.xpath('td[6]/text()').extract() #加入到数组 items.append(item) #返回给items.py return items 5.编写pipelines.py
pipelines文件是对数据进行持久化存储的
MySQLdb不支持python3,所以我要用pymysql代替
没有pymysql需要用pip下载，数据库表也要自己建
pipelines.py
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-# Define your item pipelines here## Don't forget to add your pipeline to the ITEM_PIPELINES setting# See: https://doc.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/item-pipeline.htmlimport pymysqlclass XiciPipeline(object): def __init__(self): self.client = pymysql.connect( host='127.0.0.1', port=3306, user='root', # 使用自己的用户名 passwd='root', # 使用自己的密码 db='test', # 数据库名 charset='utf8' ) # 拿到游标 self.cur = self.client.cursor() def process_item(self, item, spider): #mysql防止sql注入 sql = ("insert into proxyip(ip,port,types) values (%s,%s,%s)") lis = (item['ip'], item['port'], item['types']) try: self.cur.execute(sql, lis) # 向数据库提交 self.client.commit() except Exception as e: print("Insert error:", e) #关闭 self.cur.close() return item 6.编写middlewares.py
middlewares.py中设置用户代理中间件
对爬虫进行伪装，伪装成人工操作，否则网站会监测出你是爬虫，并拦截你
在middlewares.py文件中加入以下代码：
from scrapy.downloadermiddlewares.useragent import UserAgentMiddleware import random #设置代理ip class MyProxyMiddleware(object): ''' 设置Proxy ''' def __init__(self, ip): self.ip = ip @classmethod def from_crawler(cls, crawler): return cls(ip=crawler.settings.get('PROXIES')) def process_request(self, request, spider): ip = random.choice(self.ip) request.meta['proxy'] = ip class MyUserAgentMiddleware(UserAgentMiddleware): ''' 设置User-Agent ''' def __init__(self, user_agent): self.user_agent = user_agent @classmethod def from_crawler(cls, crawler): return cls( user_agent=crawler.settings.get('USER_AGENTS_LIST') ) def process_request(self, request, spider): agent = random.choice(self.user_agent) request.headers['User-Agent'] = agent 7.编写settings.py
我们刚才编写的middlewares.py和pipelines.py都要在settings.py文件里面进行配置，设置优先级等等。
(一定要记得，否则你写的数据持久化存储和爬虫伪装是没有生效的，记得把ROBOTSTXT_OBEY改为False)
修改settings.py文件代码如下：
BOT_NAME = 'xici'SPIDER_MODULES = ['xici.spiders']NEWSPIDER_MODULE = 'xici.spiders'#对middlewares编写的进行配置DOWNLOADER_MIDDLEWARES = { 'xici.middlewares.MyProxyMiddleware': 543, 'scrapy.downloadermiddleware.useragent.UserAgentMiddleware': None, 'xici.middlewares.MyUserAgentMiddleware': 400,}#配置pipelines.pyITEM_PIPELINES = { 'xici.pipelines.XiciPipeline': 300}#代理的ip#你看到此篇文章的时候，ip已经没用了，你可以在西刺网站上拿一个试PROXIES = ['http://192.168.42.249:808']#user_agentUSER_AGENTS_LIST = [ "Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 6.0; Windows NT 5.1; SV1; AcooBrowser; .NET CLR 1.1.4322; .NET CLR 2.0.50727)", "Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 7.0; Windows NT 6.0; Acoo Browser; SLCC1; .NET CLR 2.0.50727; Media Center PC 5.0; .NET CLR 3.0.04506)", "Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 7.0; AOL 9.5; AOLBuild 4337.35; Windows NT 5.1; .NET CLR 1.1.4322; .NET CLR 2.0.50727)", "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows; U; MSIE 9.0; Windows NT 9.0; en-US)", "Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; MSIE 9.0; Windows NT 6.1; Win64; x64; Trident/5.0; .NET CLR 3.5.30729; .NET CLR 3.0.30729; .NET CLR 2.0.50727; Media Center PC 6.0)", "Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; MSIE 8.0; Windows NT 6.0; Trident/4.0; WOW64; Trident/4.0; SLCC2; .NET CLR 2.0.50727; .NET CLR 3.5.30729; .NET CLR 3.0.30729; .NET CLR 1.0.3705; .NET CLR 1.1.4322)", "Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 7.0b; Windows NT 5.2; .NET CLR 1.1.4322; .NET CLR 2.0.50727; InfoPath.2; .NET CLR 3.0.04506.30)", "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows; U; Windows NT 5.1; zh-CN) AppleWebKit/523.15 (KHTML, like Gecko, Safari/419.3) Arora/0.3 (Change: 287 c9dfb30)", "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; U; Linux; en-US) AppleWebKit/527+ (KHTML, like Gecko, Safari/419.3) Arora/0.6", "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows; U; Windows NT 5.1; en-US; rv:1.8.1.2pre) Gecko/20070215 K-Ninja/2.1.1", "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows; U; Windows NT 5.1; zh-CN; rv:1.9) Gecko/20080705 Firefox/3.0 Kapiko/3.0", "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux i686; U;) Gecko/20070322 Kazehakase/0.4.5", "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; U; Linux i686; en-US; rv:1.9.0.8) Gecko Fedora/1.9.0.8-1.fc10 Kazehakase/0.5.6", "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/535.11 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/17.0.963.56 Safari/535.11", "Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_7_3) AppleWebKit/535.20 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1036.7 Safari/535.20", "Opera/9.80 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10.6.8; U; fr) Presto/2.9.168 Version/11.52", "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/536.11 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/20.0.1132.11 TaoBrowser/2.0 Safari/536.11", "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.1 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/21.0.1180.71 Safari/537.1 LBBROWSER", "Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; MSIE 9.0; Windows NT 6.1; WOW64; Trident/5.0; SLCC2; .NET CLR 2.0.50727; .NET CLR 3.5.30729; .NET CLR 3.0.30729; Media Center PC 6.0; .NET4.0C; .NET4.0E; LBBROWSER)", "Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 6.0; Windows NT 5.1; SV1; QQDownload 732; .NET4.0C; .NET4.0E; LBBROWSER)", "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/535.11 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/17.0.963.84 Safari/535.11 LBBROWSER", "Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 7.0; Windows NT 6.1; WOW64; Trident/5.0; SLCC2; .NET CLR 2.0.50727; .NET CLR 3.5.30729; .NET CLR 3.0.30729; Media Center PC 6.0; .NET4.0C; .NET4.0E)", "Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; MSIE 9.0; Windows NT 6.1; WOW64; Trident/5.0; SLCC2; .NET CLR 2.0.50727; .NET CLR 3.5.30729; .NET CLR 3.0.30729; Media Center PC 6.0; .NET4.0C; .NET4.0E; QQBrowser/7.0.3698.400)", "Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 6.0; Windows NT 5.1; SV1; QQDownload 732; .NET4.0C; .NET4.0E)", "Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 7.0; Windows NT 5.1; Trident/4.0; SV1; QQDownload 732; .NET4.0C; .NET4.0E; 360SE)", "Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 6.0; Windows NT 5.1; SV1; QQDownload 732; .NET4.0C; .NET4.0E)", "Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 7.0; Windows NT 6.1; WOW64; Trident/5.0; SLCC2; .NET CLR 2.0.50727; .NET CLR 3.5.30729; .NET CLR 3.0.30729; Media Center PC 6.0; .NET4.0C; .NET4.0E)", "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 5.1) AppleWebKit/537.1 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/21.0.1180.89 Safari/537.1", "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.1 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/21.0.1180.89 Safari/537.1", "Mozilla/5.0 (iPad; U; CPU OS 4_2_1 like Mac OS X; zh-cn) AppleWebKit/533.17.9 (KHTML, like Gecko) Version/5.0.2 Mobile/8C148 Safari/6533.18.5", "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; Win64; x64; rv:2.0b13pre) Gecko/20110307 Firefox/4.0b13pre", "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Ubuntu; Linux x86_64; rv:16.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/16.0", "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.11 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/23.0.1271.64 Safari/537.11", "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; U; Linux x86_64; zh-CN; rv:1.9.2.10) Gecko/20100922 Ubuntu/10.10 (maverick) Firefox/3.6.10"]# Crawl responsibly by identifying yourself (and your website) on the user-agent#USER_AGENT = 'xici (+http://www.yourdomain.com)'#要设置ROBOTSTXT_OBEY改为False#如果为True，则遵守robots协议（爬虫协议）ROBOTSTXT_OBEY = False 8.执行爬虫
进入项目里面，列出爬虫
scrapy list
scrapy crawl xicidaili
成功爬取
9.问题注意
1.在执行的时候，可能会卡住，原因是上面用的代理ip已经过期，需要另外找，
或者你可以把ip代理部分去掉，上面示例不用代理ip也能爬取，
找ip代理也是因为你频繁的访问，它是禁止了你的ip，没有也可以不用！
2.网站内的html标签有所改变，我上面xpath已经没办法找到我们想要的内容了，需要修改以下xpath